Much, many, a lot... (B1)

Hlavní přehled

Na Landigo se dnes zaměříme na pokročilejší gramatiku slovíček vyjadřujících množství – MUCH, MANY, A LOT, LITTLE a FEW.

Much, many, a lot – procvičování:

Další související lekce:

Many of the tourists come to see the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.

many of the tourists
many tourists
Mnoho turistů se přijíždí podívat na most Golden Gate v San Franciscu.
Many of the tourists come to see the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.

Nejdříve si připomeňme základní použití MANY, MUCH, A LOT... s počitatelnými podstatnými jmény (apples, people...) a nepočitatelnými (money, water...):

Počitatelné Nepočitatelné
many much
a lot of a lot of
few little

Základní použití ve větách:

Kladná Záporná/otázka
(many) many
a lot of (a lot of)
much much

V závorkách jsou výrazy, které jsou v daném typu věty o něco méně běžné.

Základní použití podle kontextu:

Pozitivní Negativní
a few few
a little little

Lee is quite fit now. He spends a lot of time at the gym.

Kladná věta:
a lot of time
much time
Lee je teď docela v dobré kondici. Tráví hodně času v posilovně.
Lee is quite fit now. He spends a lot of time at the gym.

Pokročilejší gramatika:

TOO MANY/MUCH = všechny typy vět

Když je něčeho příliš, použijeme TOO MANY a TOO MUCH. TOO MANY/TOO MUCH můžeme dát do všech typů vět (= i do kladné oznamovací):

Don't you know eating too many bonbons (= an excessive amount of bonbons) is unhealthy?
Lucy needs a bigger closet. She has too many sweaters (= more sweaters than she could fit into the closet).
I don't like to carry too much cash on me.
This spaghetti has too much salt in it.
SO MANY/MUCH, AS MANY/MUCH AS = všechny typy vět

Pokud chceme zdůraznit, že je něčeho velké množství, použijeme SO MANY a SO MUCH. TOO MANY/TOO MUCH můžeme dát do všech typů vět:

I'm so sorry. I'm making so many mistakes (= a very large number of mistakes).
Why did you contact her after so many years (= a very large number of years)?
It's incredible. Nick has lost so much weight (= a very large amount of weight)!
How is it possible she still has so much energy?

Lze také použít AS MANY... AS, AS MUCH... AS (tolik... jako):

You're making as many mistakes as me.
Nick has lost almost as much weight as you.

There's too much sugar in the coffee. Why did you put so much in it?

Všechny typy vět:
too much sugar
so much sugar
V kávě je příliš mnoho cukru. Proč jsi ho tam dal tolik?
There's too much sugar in the coffee. Why did you put so much in it?

You can eat as many doughnuts as you want!

Všechny typy vět:
Eat as many doughnuts as you want!
Drink as much coke as you want!
Můžete sníst tolik koblih, kolik chcete!
You can eat as many doughnuts as you want!
Many of the apples...
Much of this sugar...

Pokud je MANY/MUCH před THE, THIS, THEM, THEIR..., musíme přidat OF:

Many of the apples were rotten.
These phones are very expensive, many of them are over 1000 dollars.
How much of this sugar will you need for the cake?
Much of their advice wasn't helpful.

Many of the flights have been cancelled because of bad weather.

many of the flights
many flights
many the flights
Mnoho letů bylo zrušeno kvůli špatnému počasí.
Many of the flights have been cancelled because of bad weather.

I don't want to spend much of my money on a new car.

much of my money
much money
much my money
Nechci utrácet moc peněz za nové auto.
I don't want to spend much of my money on a new car.
Thank you very much/so much/a lot!

Ke slovesu (thank, eat, love...) se vztahují MUCH, VERY MUCH, SO MUCH a hovorovější A LOT:

Moc jsi toho nesnědla.
You didn't eat much.
Mám tě moc ráda.
I love you very much.
Hodně jsme se nasmáli.
We laughed so much.
Hodně si hraje.
He plays a lot.

VERY MUCH, SO MUCH a A LOT lze použít v jakémkoliv typu vět (= i v kladné oznamovací):

Simon cares very much about his family.
They don't like fruit very much.
Why do you hate running so much?
Thank you very much! I appreciate your help so much.
Have you seen Erika a lot this year? – Yes, quite a lot.

MUCH použijeme obvykle pouze v záporné větě nebo otázce:

I didn't catch much of his speech.
Did you catch much of his speech?

Nikoliv: I caught much...

I'd like to thank you so much for all your comments.

Kladná věta:
I'd like to thank you so much.
I'd like to thank you very much.
I'd like to thank you much.
Chtěla bych vám moc poděkovat za všechny vaše komentáře.
I'd like to thank you so much for all your comments.

When Daniel finished university, he started travelling a lot.

Kladná věta:
He travelled a lot.
He travelled much.
Když Daniel dokončil univerzitu, začal hodně cestovat.
When Daniel finished university, he started travelling a lot.
Much = very often

V neformální angličtině se MUCH někdy používá s významem VERY OFTEN/FREQUENTLY:

Do you see Caleb much? (= very often)
We don't see each other much. (= very frequently)

Since I moved away from my parents, I haven't seen my dog much.

I haven't seen him much.
I haven't seen him very often.
Od té doby, co jsem se odstěhovala od rodičů, jsem svého psa moc nevídala.
Since I moved away from my parents, I haven't seen my dog much.
Much better, so much better, a lot better

K přídavnému jménu/příslovci ve druhém stupni (better, more, younger...) se vztahuje MUCH, SO MUCH a A LOT:

I feel a lot better now that I rested a bit.
The second movie was so much worse than the first one.
Patrick reckons your job isn't much more difficult than mine.
Are you much younger than your brother?

Všimněte si, že takové použití je možné ve všech typech vět.

Je o mnoho mladší.
He's much younger.
Jsem o mnoho vyšší.
I'm much taller.
Byli jsme o mnoho lepší.
We were a lot better.
Je o mnoho menší.
It's a lot smaller.

Did you have to wait much longer than you expected? – Yes, so much longer.

Všechny typy vět:
much longer
so much longer
a lot longer
Musela jsi čekat déle, než jsi předpokládala? – Ano, mnohem déle.
Did you have to wait much longer than you expected? – Yes, so much longer.
Only a few/a little = negativní

Obecně platí, že FEW/LITTLE (málo) má negativní význam, zatímco A FEW/A LITTLE (pár; několik; trochu) má pozitivní význam:

Negativní Pozitivní
I have bad news. There are few apples. (= not as many as we would need)
I have good news. There are a few apples. (= some apples)
The shop isn't doing well. We've made little money.
The shop is doing well. We've made a little money.

ONLY A FEW a ONLY A LITTLE používáme spíše v negativním kontextu:

There are only a few apples on the tree. That won't be enough for the pie.
We'll have to close the shop down. We've made only a little money.
jen pár mincí
only a few coins
jen pár zubů
only a few teeth
jenom trochu spánku
only a little sleep
jen trochu kávy
only a little coffee

Unfortunately, only a few girls could play, so we had to postpone the match.

Negativní:
only a few girls
few girls
Bohužel mohlo hrát jen několik holek, takže jsme museli zápas odložit.
Unfortunately, only a few girls could play, so we had to postpone the match.

Much, many, a lot – nejdůležitější body:

Doporučujeme si procvičit MUCH, MANY, A LOT... v našich cvičeních.